When a building is hot, the obvious response is often to add more air-conditioning. But cooling equipment is only one part of the equation.
Before increasing mechanical cooling, it is worth asking a more fundamental question: Why is so much heat entering the building in the first place?
In a tropical environment, solar radiation can place a significant load on roofs, windows and exposed walls. Building orientation and shading therefore matter.
Deep overhangs can reduce direct sun on glazing and façades. Pergolas, trellises and external screens can shade outdoor and transitional spaces. Adjustable louvres can respond to changing solar angles while still allowing daylight and, where appropriate, ventilation.
Roof design also deserves attention. Reflectance, insulation and ventilation can influence how much heat is transferred into occupied spaces.
Landscape is part of the strategy too.
Appropriately selected trees and planting can provide shade and improve the comfort of external areas, although island projects should also consider water demand, salt exposure, wind resistance and hurricane conditions.
Where the site and building use allow, orientation and operable openings can take advantage of prevailing breezes. This does not eliminate the need for air-conditioning in many Caribbean buildings, particularly during humid or still conditions. It can, however, form part of a broader approach to reducing unnecessary heat gain.
Mechanical systems then have an easier job.
This is particularly relevant on islands, where electricity can be expensive and resilience during power interruptions matters.
Good tropical design is therefore not about choosing between architecture and air-conditioning. It is about allowing the building itself to do some of the work first.